1903 Schimper AFW, Fisher WR, Groom P, Balfour IB. Naked buds would thus prevail in regions with low levels of within-year climatic seasonality, whereas scaly buds would prevail wherever the climate is definitely seasonal ( Schimper et al. Journal of Experimental Botany 65: 1699-1712.). The embryonic shoot: a lifeline through winter. 2014 Van der Schoot C, Paul LK, Rinne PL. Under this assumption, naked buds would relate to continuous leaf production, and scaly buds with periodical leaf production (i.e. Molecular basis of angiosperm tree architecture. Shoot-extension dynamics, which depends on both genetic and environmental factors, determines variations in leaf size and shape along shoots ( Hollender & Dardick 2015 Hollender CA, Dardick C. Garden’s Bull Singapore 17: 11-81., bud traits are related to growth traits. On the periodicity of tree growth in the tropics, with reference to the mode of branching, the leaf-fall, and the formation of the resting bud. What are the functions of bud scales? In: Sciencing. Plant architecture: A dynamic, multilevel and comprehensive approach to plant form, structure and ontogeny. It has frequently been assumed that the presence of cataphylls in buds is an adaptation of woody plants to regions where the climate is drastically seasonal ( Barthélémy & Caraglio 2007 Barthélémy D, Caraglio Y. Complex bud architecture and cell-specific chemical patterns enable supercooling of Picea abies bud primordia. 2017 Kuprian E, Munkler C, Resnyak A et al. Heteroblastic leaf development on the generative shoots of some dicotyledons. Barykina & Churikova 2014 Barykina RP, Churikova OA. Seasonal and inter-annual variability of bud development as related to climate in two coexisting Mediterranean Quercus species. 2013 Alla AQ, Camarero JJ, Montserrat-Martí G. Bud and shoot structure may relate to the distribution area of South American Proteaceae tree species. 2012 Magnin A, Grosfeld J, Barthélémy D, Puntieri J. An Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology. Bud structure and shoot architecture of canopy and understory evergreen broad-leaved trees at their Northern limit in East Asia. The state of water in acclimating vegetative buds from Malus and Amelanchier and its relationship to winter hardiness. Vertucci & Stushnoff 1992 Vertucci CW, Stushnoff C. Some studies regarding the biology of buds and twigs in winter. For this reason, cataphylls have often been linked to the protection of the underlying primordia and meristem against extreme conditions such as desiccation, low or high temperatures and herbivory ( Wiegand 1906 Wiegand KM. These covering leaves, known as cataphylls or scale leaves, lack a green blade and are tougher than the green leaves typical of the species concerned. Buds have traditionally been classified into scaly buds and naked buds, based on the presence/absence of specialized, scale-like leaves on their outside ( Koriba 1958 Koriba K. In woody plants, buds are usually developed at the distal end of each shoot (apical buds) and at each node (axillary buds Barthélémy & Caraglio 2007 Barthélémy D, Caraglio Y. ![]() the precursors of leafy shoots, is fundamental for the understanding of meristem function ( Powell 2008 Powell GR. Tree buds South-American Temperate Rainforest naked buds scaly buds preformation Further studies should focus on the relevance at a broader scale of colleters and trichomes as protective structures in tree buds. The presence of colleters (in four species) was not restricted to those buds lacking an outer cover of cataphylls. In general terms, larger shoots developed buds with more organs. Axillary buds were scaly in all but one species. The apical buds were scaly in two out of seven species, and naked in the other species. Both intra- and inter-specific variations in bud structure were found. Cataphylls and leaf primordia were counted, and the presence of colleters and/or trichomes registered. Apical and axillary buds were dissected under stereomicroscope, and the sizes of their parent shoots were evaluated. Due to differences in the lineages from which these species derived, high levels of inter-specific variation in bud structure were expected. The present work focuses on apical and axillary buds of seven tree species native to the South-American Temperate Rainforests (STR). The development of scaly buds (= cataphylls) has been traditionally associated with seasonally cold climates, although only few species from the southern hemisphere were investigated in this regard.
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